And that is it for our list of twelve causes of terrorism in nigeria. There are many causes of terrorism and we are going to look at ten of the causes in this article to be aware of how we can help to prevent it. An appraisal of the socioeconomic determinants of boko haram terrorism in nigeria by james ojochenemi david dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts ma in politics, philosophy and economics at the. Testimony submitted for the record senate appropriations subcommittee on.
Although terrorism has its root in islamic fanaticism, it is now driven by factors such as inequality, poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy. Terrorism, as a global phenomenon, is an illwind that blows no one any good. The past decade alone has seen considerable progress in identifying the role and significance of a range of factors. Addressing the root factors would be a more effective control of the boko haram terrorism. Further, the paper tries to prove that the root causes of terrorism might not be economic, social, ideological or beliefs and religions. First, it explains briefly why it is difficult to find a universally acceptable definition of terrorism. This chapter examines the causes and consequences of terrorism in africa, and considers the extent to which existing evidence rationalizes the various explanations for it, and its implications for counterterrorism policy in africa. Root causes of emergence of boko haram terrorism in nigeria. In order to develop an effective response to the threat posed by boko haram, the nigerian government and its international partners must properly diagnose the conflict and comprehend it as an evolving system that can be affected through targeted interventions. Usip was established by congress over 30 years ago as an independent, national institute dedicated to the proposition that peace is possible, practical and essential to our national and global security.
The causes of terrorism are abundant in the terrorism literature. Introduction nigeria has had a long and unfortunate history of communal conflicts and ethno religious violence. International terrorism and its implications for national. The root cause of boko haram and other insurgent groups in. Terrorism is too important a subject for us not to be interested in what causes it. According to liolio 20, the successful recruitment of the people into the group. For instance, li 2005, piazza 2006 and kurrildklitgaard et al. To begin to address the purported linkage between boko haram and poverty, we therefore need to investigate the geography of development in northern nigeria.
Terrorism research has indicated that neither poverty nor socioeconomic deprivation are direct root causes of terrorism. While domestic terrorism is that which is carried out against ones own government or fellow citizens, international terrorism is. The root cause of boko haram and other insurgent groups in nigeria boko haram bh is predominant in the north eastern part of nigeria in states like borno, yobe and adamawa. Abstract since 2009 the nigerian state has been under the throes of the deadly terrorist activities of the islamic sect formally known as jamaatuahlis sunna liddaawati waljihad association for propagating the prophets teachings and jihad.
Terrorism, economic growth, transfer functions, counter terrorism expenditure, structural. With several coups, general strikes and a civil war, nigerians have had to experience some of the most sordid tragedies arising from difference of opinions and distrust. The nigerian state nigeria is a multiethnic and ethnoreligious nation with an estimated population of 170 million people, nigeria national population commission 2010. Pdf terrorism is too important a subject for us not to be interested in what causes it. The study gathered evidence of the drivers of radicalisation in northern nigeria. Since there is no consensus on the definition of terrorism, it is difficult to agree on what constitutes the underlying causes of terrorism at the local and international levels schmid, 2005. An appraisal of the socioeconomic determinants of boko haram terrorism in nigeria by james ojochenemi david dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts ma in politics, philosophy and economics at the school of social science, university of kwazulunatal supervised by.
The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national. The unfortunate reality is that terrorism has gone global and every world citizen is equally susceptible and vulnerable. The outbreak of domestic terrorism instanced by the violent activities of groups such as the. Jan 29, 2020 career terrorism experts began to argue that a new form of terrorism was on the rise, with concepts such as martyrdom and armageddon seen as particularly dangerous. Nigeria and boko haram violent activities, with focus on years of 20022016, when boko haram was operatively active. Recently, it has extended its ugly tentacles to nigeria, precisely after the presidential election of april, 2011. Growth and fiscal consequences of terrorism in nigeria. Nevertheless, we believe that nigeria will see the age of no terrorism someday. Causes and solutions june 18, 2014 emile nakhleh 2 comments a boko haram bomb attack in nigerias capital, abuja, on apr. Causes and consequences of terrorism in africa oxford handbooks.
Nigeria, the sect has mounted serial attacks that have placed it in media spotlight, both. Abstract terrorism is the premeditated use or threat to use violence by individuals or subnational groups against non. Jan 31, 2019 in recent times terrorism has assumed a political undertone and is been spearheaded by a faceless islamic insurgents based in the northern region of nigeria called boko haram. Jun 02, 2014 at the global scale, blanket statements about economic root causes tend to obscure rather than clarify the analysis. With the coming to the scene by boko haram in 2002, the insecurity situation in nigeria. Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of perseus books group. The causes and consequences of violent extremism and the role. This study adopts poverty theory to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security.
In recent times terrorism has assumed a political undertone and is been spearheaded by a faceless islamic insurgents based in the northern region of nigeria called boko haram. There is no single cause or pathway into radicalisation and violent extremism. There is a wide array of factors on the macro, meso, and micro levels of analysis. Groups, activities, and politics adeyemi bukola oyeniyi abstract while global attention is focused on embassy bombing, aircraft hijacking and 911 terroristsattack kind of terrorism, equally devastating terrorist activities with equally devastating impacts are daily swept under the carpet in africa. Understanding the emerging trends aderonke, majekodunmi department of political science, faculty of social science university of lagos, akoka, lagos, nigeria email. The causes and consequences of violent extremism and the. Indeed, until policymakers can understand the root causes of terrorism, they will be unable to implement effective measures to prevent it. I testify before you today as the president of the united states institute of peace, although the views expressed here are my own. Domestic and international terrorism are condiciones sine quibus non for discussing terrorism in the nigerian context. What are the causes of and solutions for terrorism. Department of economics, kogi state university, anyiba, kogi state, nigeria. An appraisal of the socioeconomic determinants of boko haram terrorism in nigeria by james ojochenemi david dissertation. Taken together, they are the root causes for african terrorism. Significant debate has ensued about the reasons for the boko haram insurgency.
Apr 21, 2014 the root cause of boko haram and other insurgent groups in nigeria boko haram bh is predominant in the north eastern part of nigeria in states like borno, yobe and adamawa. Public opinion on the root causes of terrorism and objectives of. Hopefully, you now have the answer to the question why is there terrorism in nigeria. Nigeria, he pointed out, has laws giving regional political leaders the power to qualify people as. This is good news, but let examine the root causes of terrorism and ways to fight it in nigeria. Apr 11, 2015 terrorism causes, effects, and solutions 1. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 4 about the authors olivier guitta is the director of research at the henry jackson society, responsible for setting the strategic agenda for the research department and overseeing the societys academic focus, as well as conducting his.
The possible causes of insecurity in nigeria such as bad governance. Terrorism as a manifestation of conflict could be a historically persistent phenomena with roots in the past. However, as thoughtful studies and commentators have repeatedly pointed out, such groups selectively interpret and exploit religious concepts and texts to support terrorism. Had nigeria, known for its immense corruption, not squandered billions of.
For example, in plateau state, in nigerias middle belt, there have been many outbreaks of bloody violence between different communities since the. W 2014 is poverty the root cause of boko haram violence. History and root causes of terrorism in africa introduction the aim of this paper is fourfold. Causes and consequences of terrorism in africa start. The paper attempts to shift from descriptive explanation of the group functioning and instead to evaluate broader conditions and situation in nigeria which can clarify the root sources of the violence nigeria is witnessing.
The root causes of terrorism, just like its definition, are contested in the available research literature. It is a terrible threat that is caused by so many existing problems in nigeria. The fear is that tackling the grievances which causes terrorism will be seen as weakness, and so encourage more terrorism. Against this background, this article examines whether terrorism is the result of root causes such as. It debates that without knowing the root cause of terrorism, there will be no plausible solution to the problem.
Using the frustrationaggression and horizontal inequalities explanation of violence, the paper argues that the paradox of wealth and poverty has created grievances that have undermined the stakeholder interests of citizens in the state, the solidarity and identity between. Is terrorism the result of root causes such as poverty. This paper addresses the issue of terrorism in nigeria, particularly in connection with the boko haram islamist sect. There is a wide array of factors on the macro, meso, and microlevels of analysis. Public opinion on the root causes of terrorism and objectives of terrorists.
The root causes of violent extremism introduction there are multiple ways to examine the root causes of violent extremism. Even if the immediate costs of terror ism are marginal, its indirect political and economic costs may be substantial. Dershowitz, in particular, comments that the real root cause of terrorism is that it is. Identify the patterns, prevalence and potential threats of youth radicalisation to the security situation in northern nigeria. Pdf public opinion on the root causes of terrorism and. Definition of terrorism terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce o government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Chris kwaja, a nigerian university lecturer and researcher, asserted in 2011 that religious dimensions of the conflict have been misconstrued as the primary driver of violence when, in fact, disenfranchisement and inequality are the root causes. Second, it describes how history is crucial to any explanation and understanding of terrorism in africa.
Should we resign ourselves to the fear that terrorism cant be fought and that there is no solution. First, though, we need to understand what causes terrorism. Is there a link between poverty and terrorism in nigeria. Reprinted by permission of westview press, a member of. The boko haram sect had appeared as an innocentlooking and harmless band of muslim. Root causes of boko haram terrorism in nigeria research. This paper aims to discuss the root causes of terrorism, which might be political systems and political administration and policies. The causes and consequences of violent extremism and the role of foreign assistance. Nigeria has not been without its fair share of conflict.
1214 121 1076 783 1411 1442 515 1071 69 1508 323 750 1292 507 1464 578 1183 1024 212 803 349 268 644 667 697 600 971 1400 1470 729 991 807 1524 1108 969 711 1079 345 161 1057 982